Contents

• Introduction
• Acoustics of digital audio signals
  • Measures of Amplitude
  • Amplitude of Combined Signals
  • Units of Amplitude
  • Controlling Amplitude
  • Synthesizing a Sinusoid
  • Superposing Sinusoids
  • Frequency
  • Periodic Signals
  • About the Software Examples
    • Quick Introduction to Pd
    • How to find and run the examples
  • Examples
    • constant amplitude scaler
    • amplitude control in decibels
    • smoothed amplitude control with an envelope generator
    • major triad
    • conversion between frequency and pitch
  • Exercises
  
  
• Wavetables and samplers
  • The Wavetable Oscillator
  • Sampling
  • Enveloping samplers
  • Timbre stretching
  • Interpolation
  • Examples
    • wavetable oscillator
    • wavetable lookup in general
    • using a wavetable as a sampler
    • looping samplers
    • Overlapping sample looper
    • automatic read point precession
  • Exercises
  
  
• Audio and control computations
  • The sampling theorem
  • Control
  • Control streams
  • Converting from audio signals to numeric control streams
  • Control streams in block diagrams
  • Event detection
  • Control computation using audio signals directly
  • Operations on control streams
  • Control operations in Pd
  • Examples
    • Sampling and foldover
    • Converting controls to signals
    • Non-looping sample player
    • Signals to controls
    • Analog-style sequencer
    • MIDI-style synthesizer
  • Exercises
  
  
• Automation and voice management
  • Envelope Generators
  • Linear and Curved Amplitude Shapes
  • Continuous and discontinuous control changes
    • Muting
    • Switch-and-ramp
  • Polyphony
  • Voice allocation
  • Voice tags
  • Encapsulation in Pd
  • Examples
    • ADSR envelope generator
    • Transfer functions for amplitude control
    • Additive synthesis: Risset's bell
    • Additive synthesis: spectral envelope control
    • Polyphonic synthesis: sampler
  
  
• Modulation
  • Taxonomy of spectra
  • Multiplying audio signals
  • Waveshaping
  • Frequency and phase modulation
  • Examples
    • Ring modulation and spectra
    • Octave divider and formant adder
    • Waveshaping and difference tones
    • Waveshaping using Chebychev polynomials
    • Waveshaping using an exponential function
    • Sinusoidal waveshaping: evenness and oddness
    • Phase modulation and FM
  • Exercises
  
  
• Designer spectra
  • Carrier/modulator model
  • Pulse trains
  • Movable ring modulation
  • Phase-aligned formant (PAF) generator
  • Examples
    • Wavetable pulse train
    • Simple formant generator
    • Two-cosine carrier signal
    • The PAF generator
  
  
• Time shifts
  • Complex numbers
    • Sinusoids as geometric series
  • Time shifts and phase changes
  • Delay networks
  • Recirculating delay networks
  • Power conservation and complex delay networks
  • Artificial reverberation
    • Controlling reverberators
  • Variable and fractional shifts
  • Accuracy and frequency response of interpolating delay lines
  • Pitch shifting
  • Examples
    • Fixed, noninterpolating delay line
    • Recirculating comb filter
    • Variable delay line
    • Order of execution and lower limits on delay times
    • Order of execution in non-recirculating delay lines
    • Non-recirculating comb filter as octave doubler
    • Time-varying complex comb filter: shakers
    • Reverberator
    • Pitch shifter
    • Exercises
  
  
• Index
• Bibliography
• About this document ...